Note: lang items are often provided by crates in the Rust distribution, and lang items themselves have an unstable interface. It is recommended to use officially distributed crates instead of defining your own lang items.
The rustc
`rustccompiler has certain pluggable operations, that is, functionality that isn't hard-coded into the language, but is implemented in libraries, with a special marker to tell the compiler it exists. The marker is the attribute
` compiler has certain pluggable operations, that is,
functionality that isn't hard-coded into the language, but is
implemented in libraries, with a special marker to tell the compiler
it exists. The marker is the attribute #[lang = "..."]
`#[lang = "..."]and there are various different values of
` and there are
various different values of ...
`...`, i.e. various different 'lang
items'.
For example, Box
`Boxpointers require two lang items, one for allocation and one for deallocation. A freestanding program that uses the
` pointers require two lang items, one for allocation
and one for deallocation. A freestanding program that uses the Box
`Boxsugar for dynamic allocations via
`
sugar for dynamic allocations via malloc
`mallocand
` and free
`free`:
#![feature(lang_items, box_syntax, start, no_std, libc)] #![no_std] extern crate libc; extern { fn abort() -> !; } #[lang = "owned_box"] pub struct Box<T>(*mut T); #[lang = "exchange_malloc"] unsafe fn allocate(size: usize, _align: usize) -> *mut u8 { let p = libc::malloc(size as libc::size_t) as *mut u8; // malloc failed if p as usize == 0 { abort(); } p } #[lang = "exchange_free"] unsafe fn deallocate(ptr: *mut u8, _size: usize, _align: usize) { libc::free(ptr as *mut libc::c_void) } #[start] fn main(argc: isize, argv: *const *const u8) -> isize { let x = box 1; 0 } #[lang = "stack_exhausted"] extern fn stack_exhausted() {} #[lang = "eh_personality"] extern fn eh_personality() {} #[lang = "panic_fmt"] fn panic_fmt() -> ! { loop {} }
Note the use of abort
`abort: the
`: the exchange_malloc
`exchange_malloc` lang item is assumed to
return a valid pointer, and so needs to do the check internally.
Other features provided by lang items include:
==
`==,
`, <
`<, dereferencing (
`, dereferencing (*
`*) and
`) and +
`+(etc.) operators are all marked with lang items; those specific four are
` (etc.) operators are all
marked with lang items; those specific four are eq
`eq,
`, ord
`ord,
`,
deref
`deref, and
`, and add
`add` respectively.eh_personality
`eh_personality,
`, fail
`failand
`
and fail_bounds_checks
`fail_bounds_checks` lang items.std::marker
`std::markerused to indicate types of various kinds; lang items
` used to indicate types of
various kinds; lang items send
`send,
`, sync
`syncand
` and copy
`copy`.std::marker
`std::marker; lang items
`; lang items covariant_type
`covariant_type,
`,
contravariant_lifetime
`contravariant_lifetime`, etc.Lang items are loaded lazily by the compiler; e.g. if one never uses
Box
`Boxthen there is no need to define functions for
` then there is no need to define functions for exchange_malloc
`exchange_mallocand
`
and exchange_free
`exchange_free.
`. rustc
`rustc` will emit an error when an item is needed
but not found in the current crate or any that it depends on.